Metabolic alkalosis

A primary elevated blood pH (>7.45) due to increased serum bicarbonate concentration (HCO₃⁻ > 26 mmol/L), usually from loss of hydrogen ions (vomiting, nasogastric suctioning, laxative abuse, diuretics, licorice), gain of alkali (antacids, high milk intake), or renal bicarbonate retention (mineralocorticoid excess like Cushing syndrome).