Electrolyte abnormality

Deviations of electrolyte concentrations (Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, PO4---) above or below normal reference ranges, reflecting disturbed water-electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis and potentially causing clinically significant organ dysfunction.

Causes

• Gastrointestinal losses

  • Vomiting

  • Diarrhea

  • Fistulas

• Renal disorders

  • Acute kidney injury

  • Chronic kidney disease

  • Renal tubular disorders

• Endocrine disorders

  • Adrenal insufficiency

  • Hyperaldosteronism

  • Diabetes mellitus

  • Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

• Medications

  • Diuretics

  • Laxatives

  • ACE inhibitors

  • Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)

  • Proton pump inhibitors

• Dehydration or fluid overload

• Malnutrition or refeeding syndrome

• Liver failure

• Heart failure

• Acid–base disorders

• Severe burns or trauma

• Sepsis

• Excessive electrolyte intake or supplementation