Elevated Gastrin

An increased fasting serum gastrin concentration above the normal reference range (adults: 0-180 pg/mL; children: 0-125 pg/mL), reflecting inappropriate or compensatory G-cell hypersecretion, usually in response to impaired gastric acid secretion or autonomous gastrin production.

Causes

• Gastric disorders

  • Chronic atrophic gastritis

  • Helicobacter pylori infection

  • Chronic hypochlorhydria

  • Pernicious anemia

  • Status after gastric surgery

  • Retained gastric antrum syndrome

  • Gastric outlet obstruction

• Neuroendocrine tumor: Gastrinoma (Zollinger–Ellison syndrome)

• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)

• Kidney failure

• Dietary and physiologic factors

  • High-protein meals

  • Caffeine

  • Alcohol