Elevated Insulin

An increased circulating insulin concentration above the reference range (~2-20 µIU/mL), reflecting excessive pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion, compensatory hyperinsulinemia due to insulin resistance, increased insulin production, or reduced insulin clearance.

Causes

• Insulin resistance states

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus with compensatory hyperinsulinemia

  • Obesity

  • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

  • Metabolic syndrome

• Excessive carbohydrate intake or postprandial insulin response

• Cushing's syndrome

• Pancreatic β-cell disorders

  • Insulinoma

  • β-cell hyperplasia (nesidioblastosis)

• Medications: Corticosteroids

• Reduced insulin clearance

  • Kidney failure

  • Liver dysfunction

• Genetic or metabolic disorders affecting insulin regulation