Elevated LDL

An increased concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) above the optimal range, reflecting increased circulating atherogenic lipoproteins and contributing to lipid deposition within arterial walls, atherosclerosis, and increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

• Optimal: <2.6 mmol/L

• Borderline: 3.4-4.0 mmol/L

• High: 4.1-4.8 mmol/L

• Very high: ≥4.9 mmol/L

Causes

• Dietary and lifestyle factors

  • Saturated/trans fat diet: Red meat, butter, dairy, and processed foods

  • Lack of physical activity

  • Obesity

  • Cigarette smoking

  • Excessive alcohol intake

• Metabolic and systemic disorders

  • Diabetes mellitus

  • Kidney failure

  • Liver failure

  • Hypothyroidism

  • Polycystic ovary syndrome

  • HIV/AIDS

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus

• Medications

  • Diuretics

  • Corticosteroids

  • Isotretinoin

  • Antiretroviral medications for HIV

  • Immunosuppressive drugs

• Genetic: Familial hypercholesterolemia