Emphysema

Permanent, abnormal enlargement of distal air spaces with destruction of alveolar walls and loss of elastic recoil, resulting in air trapping, reduced gas exchange capacity, and progressive exertional dyspnea.

Causes

• Environmental and inhalational exposures

  • Tobacco smoking

  • Air pollution

  • Occupational exposure to dust, fumes, and chemical irritants

• Genetic disorders

  • Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency