Enuresis

Possible causes are delayed bladder maturation, low levels of antidiuretic hormone, genetic factors (family history), constipation, and underlying medical conditions (UTI, obstructive sleep apnea, diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus).

The involuntary discharge of urine in individuals beyond the age at which bladder control is normally achieved (>5 years), occurring without structural abnormalities of the urinary tract.

Causes

• Bladder development and regulation

  • Delayed bladder maturation

  • Reduced functional bladder capacity

  • Low nocturnal levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

• Genetic factors: Positive family history of nocturnal enuresis

• Constipation and fecal retention causing bladder compression

• Medical conditions

  • Urinary tract infection

  • Obstructive sleep apnea

  • Diabetes mellitus

  • Diabetes insipidus

• Sleep disorders

• Psychological stressors

• Neurological disorders affecting bladder control