Esotropia

A manifest convergent strabismus (esotropia) in which one or both eyes deviate inward toward the nose, disrupting normal binocular alignment and potentially causing diplopia, suppression, or amblyopia.

Causes

• Refractive and ocular causes

  • Uncorrected farsightedness (hyperopia)

  • Extraocular muscle imbalance

  • Unilateral vision loss causing inward drift

  • Abnormal binocular vision development

• Genetic and developmental factors

  • Family history of strabismus

  • Developmental abnormalities of ocular alignment

  • Premature birth

  • Congenital ocular abnormalities

• Neurological disorders

  • Cerebral palsy

  • Hydrocephalus

  • Brain tumor

  • Stroke

  • Cranial nerve dysfunction affecting eye movement

• Systemic and endocrine disorders

  • Diabetes mellitus

  • Graves' disease

  • Neuromuscular disorders affecting ocular muscles