Hypercalcemia

An abnormally elevated concentration of serum calcium level above the upper limit of normal for the reference range (total calcium: 2.1-2.6 mmol/L or 8.5-10.5 mg/dL, ionized calcium 1.16 to 1.30 mmol/L). Common causes are hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, vitamin D toxicity, granulomatous disease (tuberculosis, sarcoidosis), medications (thiazide diuretics, lithium), milk-alkali syndrome, prolonged immobility, and dehydration.