Mediastinal lymphadenopathy

A pathological enlargement of lymph nodes within the mediastinum, typically identified on chest imaging.

Causes

• Malignant causes

  • Lung cancer

  • Metastatic cancer to mediastinal lymph nodes

  • Lymphoma (Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma)

  • Leukemia

• Infectious causes

  • Pneumonia

  • Tuberculosis

  • Histoplasmosis

  • Coccidioidomycosis

  • Viral infections

• Inflammatory and autoimmune causes

  • Sarcoidosis

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

  • Rheumatoid arthritis

  • Other granulomatous or connective tissue diseases

  • Vaccination

  • Mediastinal cyst inflammation

• Environmental and occupational causes

  • Coal dust exposure

  • Silica and other dust inhalation

  • Chronic smoke exposure

  • Occupational pneumoconiosis

• Cardiopulmonary causes

  • Heart failure with lymphatic congestion

  • Pulmonary hypertension