Phimosis

A condition in which preputial orifice tightness or constriction prevents or limits full retraction of the foreskin over the glans penis, potentially causing obstructed voiding, inflammation, pain with erection, and other local complications.

Causes

• Physiological: Normal developmental variant in infants and young children

• Infectious and inflammatory causes

  • Balanitis (inflammation of the glans penis)

  • Balanoposthitis (inflammation of the glans and foreskin)

  • Recurrent local infections causing edema and scarring

  • Poor hygiene contributing to chronic inflammation

• Dermatological scarring: Lichen sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans)

• Traumatic and scar-related causes

  • Repeated forced foreskin retraction

  • Injury during sexual activity

  • Prior surgery or procedures involving the foreskin

  • Fibrotic scarring after inflammation or trauma

• Systemic and associated conditions

  • Diabetes mellitus (increased risk of recurrent balanitis and scarring)

  • Immunosuppression increasing susceptibility to infection