Pneumaturia

The passage of gas or air in the urine, typically manifesting as bubbles during micturition.

Causes

• Enterovesical and urinary fistulas

  • Diverticulitis with colovesical fistula

  • Crohn's disease

  • Colorectal malignancy

  • Bladder malignancy

  • Pelvic radiation injury

• Infectious causes

  • Emphysematous cystitis (diabetes mellitus or immunosuppression)

  • Gas-forming urinary tract infection

  • Emphysematous pyelonephritis

  • Urinary tract infection caused by gas-producing organisms

• Iatrogenic causes

  • Urinary catheterization

  • Bladder instrumentation

  • Cystoscopy

  • Urological surgery

• Bladder trauma

• Scuba diving with intravesical gas formation or decompression-related air entry (rare)