Diagnosis

Colovesical fistula

A communication between two epithelialized surfaces: the colon and the bladder.

Also known as: Cystocolic fistula, Enterovesical fistula, Vesicocolic fistula

Etiology

Cause

Pathophysiology [g7n]

  1. Anatomy: Sigmoid colon is close to the urinary bladder

  2. Transmural inflammation and protrusion into nearby structures (diverticula, cancer, Crohn)

  3. FRIENDS keep fistula open: Foreign body, Radiation, Inflammation/Infection, Epithelialization, Neoplasm, Distal obstruction, Short segment fistula.

Epidemiology

Incidence per 100.000 [49a][pqr][q4v]

Epidemiology chart for Incidence

Symptoms & findings

Symptoms

Cutaneous succus entericus, Diarrhea, Dry mucous membranes, Dysuria, Fecaluria, Fever, Hematuria, Hypotension, Hypothermia, Oliguria, Pneumaturia, Poor skin turgor, Prolonged capillary refill, Tachycardia, Weight loss

Clinical findings

Elevated CRP, Leukocytosis, Peritonitis

Anamneses

Surgery

Localized findings

Pain
Radiates
Regio hypogastrica
Onset
Gradual (days)
Pattern
Constant
Severity
Mild (1-3)Moderate (4-7)
Swelling
Radiates
Regio hypogastrica
Onset
Gradual (days)
Pattern
Constant

Approach

Treatment

The etiology of the colovesicular fistula must be clear before treatment.

  1. Surgery: single-stage vs. 2-stage, open vs. laparoscopic [q4v][kss][g7n]

    • Resection of the fistulized bowel

    • Bowel anastomosis with or without protective colostomy

    • Closure of the bladder defect

  2. Conservative treatment in patients unfit for surgery or refuse treatment

    • Experimental treatment: endoscopic fibrin glue injection 

Differential diagnoses

Abdominal abscess, Colorectal cancer, Crohn disease, Diverticulitis, Foreign body, Gastrointestinal obstruction, Hypovolemia, Urinary tract infection, Volvulus


References

[1] Hawkins AT, Wise PE, Chan T, Lee JT, Glyn T, Wood V, Eglinton T, Frizelle F, Khan A, Hall J, Ilyas MIM, Michailidou M, Nfonsam VN, Cowan ML, Williams J, Steele SR, Alavi K, Ellis CT, Collins D, Winter DC, Zaghiyan K, Gallo G, Carvello M, Spinelli A, Lightner AL. Diverticulitis: An Update From the Age Old Paradigm. Curr Probl Surg. 2020 Oct;57(10):100862.

[2] Froiio C, Bernardi D, Asti E, Bonavina G, Conti A, Carmignani L, Bonavina L. Burden of Colovesical Fistula and Changing Treatment Pathways: A Systematic Literature Review. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2022 Oct 1;32(5):577-585.

[3] Seeras K, Qasawa RN, Akbar H, et al. Colovesical Fistula. [Updated 2023 Jul 16]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518990/

[4] Melchior S, Cudovic D, Jones J, Thomas C, Gillitzer R, Thüroff J. Diagnosis and surgical management of colovesical fistulas due to sigmoid diverticulitis. J Urol. 2009 Sep;182(3):978-82.

[5] Randhawa, Navkiran DO1; Khalyfa, Ahamed DO1; Gabbert, Dave DO2; Arfeen, Mohammad DO1; Spyratos, Tilemahos DO1. S2197 A Case of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections Secondary to Vaginovesicular and Vaginorectal Fistula. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 117(10S):p e1487, October 2022.

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