Supranuclear ophthalmoplegia

An impairment of voluntary eye movements due to lesions affecting supranuclear pathways that control gaze, with preserved oculocephalic and vestibulo-ocular reflexes. It typically manifests as vertical gaze palsy, especially affecting upward or downward gaze.

Causes

• Neurodegenerative causes

  • Progressive supranuclear palsy

  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

  • Olivopontocerebellar atrophy

  • Frontotemporal dementia

• Infectious and inflammatory causes

  • Encephalitis

  • Whipple disease