Diagnosis

Acne

A disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus characterized by comedones, papules, pustules, cysts and scars.

Also known as: Acne conglobata, Acne fulminans, Acne vulgaris

Etiology

Cause [xiu]

Pathogenesis [zwf]

  1. Androgens stimulate sebaceous glands --> Increased sebum production (seborrhea)

  2. Follicular epidermal hyperproliferation

  3. Subsequent plugging of the follicle

  4. Excess sebum production

  5. Presence and activity of the commensal bacteria Propionibacterium acnes

  6. Inflammation

Classification [xiu]

Epidemiology

Incidence per 100.000 [rvo][awg][tn3][sdf]

Epidemiology chart for Incidence

Prevalence per 100.000 [rvo][awg][tn3][sdf]

Epidemiology chart for Prevalence

Symptoms & findings

Symptoms

None listed.

Clinical findings

None listed.

Anamneses

None listed.

Localized findings

Rash
Radiates
CaputThoraxBack
Distribution
MultipleSymmetric
Lesion type
ComedoneNodulePapulePustuleScar
Color
BlackRedWhite
Associated symptom
BleedingDischargeItchPainSwelling
Palpation
Pain

Approach

Treatment

  1. Mild Acne Vulgaris: [xiu][zwf]

    • Benzoyl peroxide

    • Topical retinoids (vitamin A derivatives)

    • Topical clindamycin

    • Topical erythromycin

    • Azelaic acid

    • Topical salicylic acid

  2. Moderate-to-Severe Acne Vulgaris:

    • Retinoid: oral isotretinoin

    • Antibiotics: tetracycline, doxycycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin

    • Hormonal therapies: oral contraceptives and aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone)

  3. Procedures:

    • Manual extraction of comedones

    • Intralesional steroid injections

    • Superficial peels (glycolic or salicylic acid)

    • Photodynamic therapy

    • Laser treatment

Differential diagnoses

Acneiform eruptions, Acne keloidalis nuchae, Folliculitis, Hidradenitis suppurativa, Perioral dermatitis, Rosacea, Sebaceous hyperplasia, Syringoma, Tuberous sclerosis


References

[1] http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1069804; [Medscape]

[2] Sutaria AH, Masood S, Saleh HM, et al. Acne Vulgaris. [Updated 2023 Aug 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459173/

[3] Lynn DD, Umari T, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP. The epidemiology of acne vulgaris in late adolescence. Adolesc Health Med Ther. 2016 Jan 19;7:13-25.

[4] Vos T et al. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012 Dec 15;380(9859):2163-96.

[5] Augustin M, Herberger K, Hintzen S, Heigel H, Franzke N, Schäfer I. Prevalence of skin lesions and need for treatment in a cohort of 90 880 workers. Br J Dermatol. 2011 Oct;165(4):865-73.

[6] Bhate K, Williams HC. Epidemiology of acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 2013 Mar;168(3):474-85.

[7] [Clinical Dermatology 4.th Edition by Weller, Hunter, Savin and Dahl]

Scroll to top