Exophthalmos

Common causes are Graves' disease, orbital cellulitis, orbital abscess, trauma (retro-orbital hemorrhage), carotid-cavernous AV-fistula, and orbital tumors (hemangioma, leukemia, neuroblastoma, lymphoma, secondary metastases).

An abnormal anterior protrusion of one or both eyeballs beyond the orbital rim (proptosis/exophthalmos), potentially causing exposure keratopathy, restricted extraocular motility, and optic neuropathy.

Causes

• Graves' disease

• Infectious and inflammatory causes

  • Orbital cellulitis

  • Orbital abscess

• Trauma:

  • Retro-orbital hemorrhage

  • Orbital fracture with hematoma

• Carotid-cavernous arteriovenous fistula

• Orbital tumors

  • Hemangioma

  • Leukemia infiltration

  • Neuroblastoma

  • Lymphoma

  • Secondary metastatic tumors