Hyperventilation

An abnormally increased rate and depth of alveolar ventilation leading to excessive carbon dioxide elimination, reduced arterial PaCO₂ (<4.8 kPa or 35 mmHg), and consequent respiratory alkalosis.

Causes

• Pulmonary causes

  • Asthma

  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

  • Pulmonary embolism

• Psychological causes

  • Anxiety

  • Fear

  • Stress

  • Panic attacks

• Physiological causes

  • Pain

  • Fever

  • Sepsis

  • Severe bleeding

  • High altitude exposure --> hypoxia

  • Strenuous exercise

  • Pregnancy

• Heart failure --> impaired oxygen delivery and compensatory ventilation

• Liver failure

• Diabetic ketoacidosis --> acidosis and compensatory ventilation

• Medications: Amphetamine

• Idiopathic hyperventilation syndrome