Periodontitis

A chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontium characterized by progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, formation of periodontal pockets, and possible tooth mobility or loss, typically resulting from persistent plaque-induced inflammation and microbial imbalance.

Causes

• Local oral causes

  • Poor oral hygiene

  • Dental plaque accumulation due to inadequate dental care

  • Untreated gingivitis

  • Subgingival bacterial infection

  • Dental calculus (tartar) formation

• Systemic metabolic and immune-related causes

  • Diabetes mellitus

  • HIV/AIDS

  • Leukemia

  • Other immunodeficiency states

  • Chronic inflammatory diseases

• Genetic susceptibility to periodontal disease: Familial predisposition

• Hormonal causes

  • Puberty

  • Pregnancy

  • Menopause

• Nutritional deficiencies affecting tissue repair and immunity

  • Poor nutrition

  • Vitamin C deficiency

  • Protein deficiency

• Tobacco use (especially smoking)

• Medications causing xerostomia: Anticholinergic drugs, antidepressants

• Aging