Sneezing

An involuntary, sudden, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs through the nasopharynx and oropharynx, triggered by irritation of the nasal mucosa and mediated by a brainstem sneeze center, serving to clear inhaled irritants or pathogens from the upper respiratory tract.

Causes

• Allergic causes

  • Pollen allergy

  • Dust mites

  • Mold spores

  • Pet dander

• Infectious causes

  • Common cold

  • Influenza

  • COVID-19

  • Other viral upper respiratory infections

• Environmental and irritant causes

  • Dust

  • Smoke

  • Strong perfumes

  • Chemical fumes

  • Spicy foods

• Physical and reflex causes

  • Sudden temperature changes

  • Photic sneeze reflex (bright sunlight exposure)

  • Full stomach after a large meal (snatiation)

• Medication-related causes

  • Nasal corticosteroids

  • Opioid withdrawal

• Other causes

  • Non-allergic rhinitis

  • Nasal mucosal irritation

  • Hormonal changes