Thrombophlebitis

Inflammation of a vein associated with intraluminal thrombus formation, typically involving superficial or deep veins of the extremities. It may present with localized pain, erythema, tenderness, induration, and carries a risk of progression to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or embolic complications.

Causes

• Venous stasis due to prolonged inactivity or heart failure

• Venous injury and structural causes

  • Vein trauma or damage

  • Varicose veins

  • Previous venous procedures or catheterization

  • Chronic venous insufficiency

• Hypercoagulable states

  • Genetic blood-clotting disorders

  • Malignancy-associated hypercoagulability

  • Pregnancy

  • Estrogen therapy (oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy)

• Lifestyle risk factors

  • Smoking

  • Obesity