Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Pathologic retrograde movement of gastric contents into the esophagus causing typical symptoms and/or mucosal injury, including reflux esophagitis and potential complications such as Barrett esophagus.

Causes

• Anatomical and physiological factors

  • Hiatal hernia

  • Obesity (increased intra-abdominal pressure)

  • Pregnancy

  • Gastroparesis

  • Reduced lower esophageal sphincter function

• Dietary and lifestyle factors

  • Large meals

  • Fatty or fried foods

  • Citrus foods

  • Lying down shortly after a heavy meal

  • Tobacco smoking

  • Caffeine consumption

  • Stress

• Medications

  • NSAIDs

  • Calcium-channel blockers

  • Antidepressants

  • Other medications reducing lower esophageal sphincter tone

• Disorders affecting esophageal motility: 

  • Scleroderma

  • Achalasia

  • Esophageal spasm