Incomplete voiding

Subjective sensation that the bladder has not been completely emptied after micturition, often associated with increased postvoid residual urine, impaired detrusor contractility, or bladder outlet obstruction.

Causes

• Bladder outlet obstruction

  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

  • Urethral stricture

  • Bladder neck obstruction

  • Urethral obstruction due to scarring or lesions

• Pelvic organ causes

  • Bladder prolapse (cystocele)

  • Uterine prolapse

  • Rectal or bowel prolapse

  • Pelvic floor disorders

• Bladder muscle and functional causes

  • Atonic bladder

  • Impaired detrusor contractility

  • Overactive or poorly coordinated pelvic floor muscles

  • Neurogenic bladder

  • Postoperative bladder dysfunction

  • Aging-related decline in bladder contractility

• Neurological causes

  • Multiple sclerosis

  • Parkinson's disease

  • Spinal cord injury

  • Herniated intervertebral disc causing nerve compression

• Metabolic and systemic causes

  • Diabetic neuropathy

  • Autonomic nerve dysfunction

• Constipation causing mechanical pressure on the bladder or impaired emptying

• Medications impairing detrusor contraction or bladder coordination

  • Opioids

  • Antihistamines

  • Muscle relaxants

  • Antidepressants