Muscle hypertonia

Persistent, pathological increase in resting skeletal muscle tone due to central nervous system dysfunction, resulting in increased resistance to passive movement, muscle stiffness, and impaired voluntary motor control.

Causes

• Cerebrovascular causes

  • Stroke

  • Intracerebral hemorrhage

  • Subarachnoid hemorrhage

• Congenital and developmental causes

  • Cerebral palsy

  • Congenital brain malformations affecting motor pathways

• Traumatic causes

  • Traumatic brain injury

  • Spinal cord injury

• Neoplastic causes

  • Brain tumor

  • Spinal cord tumor

• Infectious and inflammatory causes

  • Central nervous system infections

  • Encephalitis

  • Meningitis

  • Multiple sclerosis

• Neurodegenerative disorders affecting motor pathways

  • Parkinson's disease

  • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

  • Huntington's disease