Vaginal bleeding

The passage of blood through the vagina arising from the genital tract (vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, or adnexa). It includes normal menstrual flow as well as abnormal nonmenstrual, excessive, irregular, or postmenopausal bleeding.

Causes

• Hormonal and endocrine causes

  • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

  • Perimenopause

  • Hypothyroidism

  • Hyperthyroidism

• Uterine causes

  • Uterine fibroids (myomas)

  • Endometrial polyps

  • Adenomyosis

  • Endometrial hyperplasia

  • Vaginal or cervical trauma

• Pregnancy-related causes

  • Miscarriage

  • Ectopic pregnancy

• Infectious and inflammatory causes

  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

  • Cervicitis

• Medication and contraceptive-related causes

  • Oral contraceptives

  • Intrauterine devices (IUDs)

  • Anticoagulants

• Malignant causes

  • Cervical cancer

  • Endometrial/uterine cancer

  • Vaginal cancer

• Bleeding disorders