Diagnosis

Dysmenorrhea

Painful cramps of the uterus during menstruation.

Also known as: Menstrual pain

Etiology

Cause [zsn]

Pathophysiology [zsn]

  1. Prostaglandin (a potent myometrial stimulant and vasoconstrictor)

    • prolonged uterine contractions

    • decreased blood flow to the myometrium

  2. Infarction of the endometrium --> endometrial shedding --> menstruation --> pain

Risk factors [zsn]

Complications to secondary dysmenorrhea [zsn]

Epidemiology

Incidence per 100.000 [dvm][1c6][kp2][gor]

Epidemiology chart for Incidence

Symptoms & findings

Symptoms

Anxiety, Constipation, Diarrhea, Dizziness, Dyspareunia, Fatigue, Headache, Infertility, Malaise, Menorrhagia, Metrorrhagia, Nausea, Vaginal bleeding, Vaginal discharge, Vomiting

Clinical findings

None listed.

Anamneses

Menstruation

Localized findings

Pain
Radiates
Regio hypogastricaBack
Pattern
ConstantRecurring
Provoked by
CoitusMenstruation
Quality
Cramping
Severity
Mild (1-3)Moderate (4-7)

Approach

Treatment

  1. Treat underlying condition in secondary dysmenorrhea [zsn]

  2. Supportive treatment:

    • Heat applied to the lower abdomen

    • NSAIDs (direct inhibition of PG production) [oec]

    • Acetaminophen

    • Psychologic and behavioral therapy

  3. Combined oral contraceptives with estrogen and progesterone

  4. Intra Uterine Device (IUD)

  5. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and antagonists

  6. Aromatase inhibitor

  7. Calcium channel blockers

  8. Vasopressin

  9. Magnesium

  10. Surgery:

    • Laparoscopy

    • Endometrial ablation

    • Hysterectomy

Differential diagnoses

Abortion, Adenomyosis, Adrenal insufficiency, Appendicitis, Crohn disease, Endometrial cancer, Endometriosis, Interstitial cystitis, Irritable bowel syndrome, Myoma uteri, Ovarian cancer, Ovarian torsion, Pelvic inflammatory disease, Pregnancy, Ruptured ectopic pregnancy, Ruptured ovarian cyst, Ulcerative colitis, Urinary tract infection, Uterine leiomyoma


References

[1] Nagy H, Carlson K, Khan MAB. Dysmenorrhea. [Updated 2023 Nov 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560834/

[2] Latthe P, Latthe M, Say L, Gülmezoglu M, Khan KS. WHO systematic review of prevalence of chronic pelvic pain: a neglected reproductive health morbidity. BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 6;6:177.

[3] Lin SY, Yang YC, Lin CC, Chang CY, Hsu WH, Wang IK, Lin CD, Hsu CY, Kao CH. Increased Incidence of Dysmenorrhea in Women Exposed to Higher Concentrations of NO, NO2, NOx, CO, and PM2.5: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. Front Public Health. 2021 Jun 17;9:682341.

[4] Dawood MY. Dysmenorrhea and prostaglandins. In: Gold JJ, Josimovich JB (eds). Gynecologic Endocrinology. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1987, 405–421.

[5] Harlow SD, Park M. A longitudinal study of risk factors for the occurrence, duration and severity of menstrual cramps in a cohort of college women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1996 Nov;103(11):1134-42.

[6] Davis AR, Westhoff CL. Primary dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls and treatment with oral contraceptives. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2001 Feb;14(1):3-8.

[7] http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253812 (2014-01-02); [Medscape]

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