Elevated D-dimer

An abnormal increase in plasma D-dimer concentration above the reference range (<0.50 mg/L), a sensitive but nonspecific marker of thrombus formation and fibrin degradation.

Causes

• Thromboembolic disorders

  • Deep vein thrombosis

  • Pulmonary embolism

  • Disseminated intravascular coagulation

• Systemic inflammation and infection

  • Sepsis

  • Pneumonia

  • COVID-19 infection

  • Rheumatoid arthritis

• Malignancy

  • Solid tumors

  • Hematologic malignancies

• Cardiovascular disorders

  • Myocardial infarction

  • Heart failure

  • Aortic dissection

• Organ dysfunction

  • Liver failure

  • Renal failure

• Physiological states

  • Pregnancy

  • Advanced age

• Tissue injury and stress

  • Surgery

  • Trauma

  • Burns

• Other associated factors

  • Cigarette smoking

  • Obesity

  • Chronic inflammatory states