Dry mucous membranes

Mucosal surfaces with reduced or absent normal hydration and lubrication, typically due to decreased secretions or systemic dehydration, predisposing to fissuring, discomfort, impaired barrier function, and increased susceptibility to infection or trauma.

Causes

• Decreased secretory function

  • Sjögren syndrome

  • Autoimmune disorders affecting exocrine glands

• Systemic dehydration

  • Reduced fluid intake

  • Excessive fluid loss

• Medications causing reduced secretions

  • Anticholinergic drugs

  • Antihistamines

  • Antidepressants

  • Diuretics

• Hormonal changes

  • Menopause

  • Reduced estrogen levels

• Radiation therapy

  • Head and neck radiation

  • Pelvic radiation

• Chronic systemic diseases

  • Diabetes mellitus

  • Chronic kidney disease

• Aging-related reduction in mucosal secretions

• Environmental factors

  • Low humidity

  • Excessive heat exposure

• Local irritation or inflammation

  • Chronic infection

  • Mucosal injury