Systolic murmur

A cardiac auscultatory sound caused by turbulent blood flow that begins during or shortly after the first heart sound (S1) and terminates before or during the second heart sound (S2), occurring during ventricular systole. It is commonly associated with valvular stenosis, valvular regurgitation, or abnormal intracardiac flow.

Causes

• Valvular and structural heart disease

  • Aortic stenosis

  • Mitral regurgitation

  • Tricuspid regurgitation

  • Mitral valve prolapse

  • Prosthetic valve dysfunction

  • Ventricular septal defect

  • Patent ductus arteriosus

  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

• Physiological high-flow states: Increased cardiac output

  • Anemia

  • Fever

  • Infection

  • Pregnancy

  • Hyperthyroidism