Diagnosis

Anal cancer

Neoplasms of the anorectal region that are classified into tumors of the perianal skin and tumors of the anal canal.

Also known as: Anal carcinoma

Etiology

Cause/Pathophysiology [qtm]

Risk factors [duz][qtm]

Epidemiology

Incidence per 100.000 [ss9][1td][bva]

Epidemiology chart for Incidence

Symptoms & findings

Symptoms

Dyschezia, Fecal incontinence, Hematochezia, Pruritus

Clinical findings

Elevated CEA, Elevated Sedimentation Rate

Anamneses

None listed.

Localized findings

Pain
Radiates
Anus
Onset
Gradual (days)
Pattern
Constant
Severity
Mild (1-3)Moderate (4-7)
Rash
Radiates
Anus
Distribution
Localized
Lesion type
AbscessPlaqueUlcer
Color
Red
Associated symptom
BleedingDischargePainSwelling
Palpation
BlanchingFluctantPainWarmth
Swelling
Radiates
Anus
Onset
Gradual (days)
Pattern
Constant

Approach

Treatment

  1. Radiation therapy combined with radiosensitizing chemotherapeutic agents [duz][qtm]

  2. Surgery plays a limited role

Differential diagnoses

Anal fissure, Anorectal abscess, Anorectal fistula, Bowens disease, Chancroid, Condyloma acuminatum, Hemorrhoids, HIV, Human papillomavirus, Immunodeficiency, Malignant melanoma, Paget's disease, Psoriasis


References

[1] Ramos Santillan V, Kaur A, Menon G, et al. Anal Carcinoma. [Updated 2025 Apr 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441891/

[2] https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500052

[3] https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/anus.html

[4] Johnson et al. Anal cancer incidence and survival: the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results experience, 1973-2000. Cancer. 2004 Jul 15;101(2):281-8.

[5] https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/anal-cancer/

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