Diagnosis

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Fatty liver disease is an acquired metabolic-related liver disease characterized by the presence of macrovesicular fat accumulation without inflammation (steatosis) or with lobular inflammation (steatohepatitis).

Also known as: Fatty liver, Hepatic steatosis, Liver steatosis, MASLD, Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, NASH, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

Etiology

Cause [shp]

Pathophysiology: NAFLD --> NASH --> Cirrhosis --> HCC [shp]

  1. Insulin resistance --> influx of free fatty acids into the liver --> NAFLD:

    • Hepatic fat accumulation without inflammation (steatosis)

  2. NASH is characterised by the presence of: [sb4][1bq]

    • Hepatic steatosis (lipotoxicity)

    • Chronic inflammation

    • Hepatocyte ballooning

    • Eventually fibrosis/cirrhosis (pro-carcinogenic state)

    • The most rapidly rising indication for liver transplantation [sb4]

Risk factors

Complications [shp]

Epidemiology

Incidence per 100.000 [v2d][p7f][sb4][ta8][aso][wtc][1bq]

Epidemiology chart for Incidence

Symptoms & findings

Symptoms

Caput medusa, Confusion, Drowsiness, Edema, Fatigue, Lethargy, Loss of appetite, Malaise, Nausea, Pruritus, Spider nevus, Splenomegaly, Weakness, Weight loss

Clinical findings

Ascites, Gynecomastia, Jaundice, Palmar erythema

Anamneses

None listed.

Localized findings

Pain
Radiates
RUQ (Right Upper Quadrant)
Onset
Gradual (days)
Severity
Mild (1-3)
Rash
Radiates
Hand
Lesion type
Erythema
Swelling
Radiates
Abdomen
Onset
Gradual (days)

Approach

Treatment

  1. Lifestyle changes: [shp]

    • Losing weight

    • Exercise

    • Lowering cholesterol/triglycerides

    • Controlling diabetes

    • Abstain from alcohol or hepatotoxic drugs

  2. Medications:

    • Metformin, Vitamin E, fish oil, GLP-1 agonist

  3. Gastric bypass

  4. Liver transplantation

Differential diagnoses

Alcoholic liver disease, Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, Autoimmune hepatitis, Cirrhosis, Drug-induced liver injury, Mitochondrial disease, Primary biliary cirrhosis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Reye's syndrome, Viral hepatitis, Wilson's disease


References

[1] Antunes C, Azadfard M, Hoilat GJ, et al. Fatty Liver. [Updated 2023 Jan 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441992/

[2] Wong VW, Ekstedt M, Wong GL, Hagström H. Changing epidemiology, global trends and implications for outcomes of NAFLD. J Hepatol. 2023 Sep;79(3):842-852.

[3] Younossi ZM, Henry L. Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. JHEP Rep. 2021 May 11;3(4):100305.

[4] Pang J, Chen K, Chen S, Chen X. Global burden of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related liver cancer, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the GBD 2019. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2022 Aug 9;14(1):112.

[5] Zhang T, Xu J, Ye L, Lin X, Xu Y, Pan X, Weng X, Ye C, Fan L, Ren Y, Shan PF. Age, Gender and Geographic Differences in Global Health Burden of Cirrhosis and Liver Cancer due to Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. J Cancer. 2021 Mar 15;12(10):2855-2865.

[6] Lin Y, Feng X, Cao X, Miao R, Sun Y, Li R, Ye J, Zhong B. Age patterns of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease incidence: heterogeneous associations with metabolic changes. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2022 Nov 28;14(1):181.

[7] Nasr, P., von Seth, E., Mayerhofer, R. et al. Incidence, prevalence and mortality of chronic liver diseases in Sweden between 2005 and 2019. Eur J Epidemiol 38, 973–984 (2023).

[8] Jie Li, Qingzhi Wang, Wenjing Ni, Chuan Liu, Zhihui Li, Xiaolong Qi. Global health burden of cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases (CLDs) due to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019, Global Transitions, Volume 5, 2023, Pages 160-169.

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