Diagnosis

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

A chronic, progressive inflammatory stenosing disease of the bile ducts.

Etiology

Cause [1ib]

Pathophysiology [1ib]

  1. Chronic inflammation of the bile duct causes fibrosis, biliary strictures, cholestasis

  2. Biliary obstruction might facilitate cholangitis

  3. Parenchymal injuries --> cirrhosis:

    • Portal hypertension

    • Liver failure

Complications [qss][1ib]

Epidemiology

Incidence per 100.000 [kdy][pwf][qss][91f][szc][cad][cvr][1ib]

Epidemiology chart for Incidence

Symptoms & findings

Symptoms

Confusion, Dark urine, Fatigue, Fever, Hepatomegaly, Hyperpigmentation, Icterus, Pruritus, Splenomegaly, Weight loss

Clinical findings

ANA, ANCA, Anti-cardiolipin antibody, Anti-SMA, Ascites, Bile duct stenosis, Bilirubinuria, Cholestasis, Decreased Albumin, Elevated ALAT, Elevated ALP, Elevated ASAT, Elevated Bilirubin, Elevated PT-INR, Hypergammaglobulinemia, Jaundice

Anamneses

None listed.

Localized findings

Pain
Radiates
RUQ (Right Upper Quadrant)
Onset
Subacute (hours)Gradual (days)
Pattern
Intermittent
Severity
Mild (1-3)Moderate (4-7)

Approach

Treatment

  1. No curative pharmacotherapy exists for PSC [ibm]

  2. Treatment of cholestasis: [1ib]

    • Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 to 20 mg/kg daily for the treatment of cholestasis

    • Bile acid sequestrants

    • Rifampin

    • Naltrexone

  3. Immunosuppression: control the disease progression

    • Prednisolone, budesonide, colchicine, penicillamine, azathioprine, tacrolimus, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, and antitumor necrosis factor antibodies

  4. ERCP with balloon dilatation: if pruritus/cholangitis and

    • Defined stenosis (<1.5 mm common bile duct, <1 mm in the hepatic ducts)

  5. Surgery:

    • Choledochoduodenostomy

    • Choledochojejunostomy

    • Liver transplantation is the definitive treatment

Differential diagnoses

Acalculous cholecystitis, Acute pancreatitis, Ampullary carcinoma, Autoimmune hepatitis, Benign bile duct tumor, Bile duct stricture, Biliary obstruction, Cholangiocarcinoma, Cholangitis, Choledocholithiasis, Cholelithiasis, Cirrhosis, Gallbladder cancer, HIV, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Primary biliary cirrhosis, Viral hepatitis


References

[1] Rawla P, Samant H. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Updated 2023 Feb 12: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537181/

[2] Leung KK, Li W, Hansen B, Gulamhusein A, Lapointe-Shaw L, Shaheen AA, Ricciuto A, Benchimol EI, Flemming JA, Hirschfield GM. Primary sclerosing cholangitis–inflammatory bowel disease: Epidemiology, mortality, and impact of diagnostic sequence. JHEP Reports 2025. vol. 7 - 1-11.

[3] Liang H, Manne S, Shick J, Lissoos T, Dolin P. Incidence, prevalence, and natural history of primary sclerosing cholangitis in the United Kingdom. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Jun;96(24):e7116.

[4] Boonstra K, Beuers U, Ponsioen CY. Epidemiology of primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis: a systematic review. J Hepatol. 2012 May;56(5):1181-1188.

[5] Bambha K, Kim WR, Talwalkar J, Torgerson H, Benson JT, Therneau TM, Loftus EV Jr, Yawn BP, Dickson ER, Melton LJ 3rd. Incidence, clinical spectrum, and outcomes of primary sclerosing cholangitis in a United States community. Gastroenterology. 2003 Nov;125(5):1364-9.

[6] Boberg KM, Aadland E, Jahnsen J, Raknerud N, Stiris M, Bell H. Incidence and prevalence of primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and autoimmune hepatitis in a Norwegian population. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998 Jan;33(1):99-103.

[7] Toy, E., Balasubramanian, S., Selmi, C. et al. The prevalence, incidence and natural history of primary sclerosing cholangitis in an ethnically diverse population. BMC Gastroenterol 11, 83 (2011).

[8] Trivedi PJ, Bowlus CL, Yimam KK, Razavi H, Estes C. Epidemiology, Natural History, and Outcomes of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Systematic Review of Population-based Studies. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2022;20:1687–1700.

[9] http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/187724 (2014-01-02); [Medscape]

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