Splenomegaly

A pathological enlargement of the spleen, typically defined by increased splenic length, volume, or weight beyond normal reference ranges (mild enlargement: >12 cm; severe enlargement: >20 cm).

Causes

• Hematologic causes

  • Hemolytic anemia

  • Thalassemia

  • Sickle cell anemia

  • Leukemia

  • Lymphoma

• Infectious causes

  • Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

  • Syphilis

  • Infective endocarditis

  • Malaria

• Autoimmune and inflammatory causes

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

  • Sarcoidosis

  • Rheumatoid arthritis

• Portal hypertension

  • Liver cirrhosis

  • Portal or splenic vein thrombosis

• Metabolic and storage diseases

  • Gaucher disease

  • Niemann–Pick disease

• Other causes

  • Infiltrative diseases

  • Extramedullary hematopoiesis