Splenomegaly

A pathological enlargement of the spleen, typically defined by increased splenic length, volume, or weight beyond normal reference ranges (mild enlargement: >12 cm, severe enlargement: >20 cm). Possible causes are hematologic (hemolytic anemia, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, leukemia, lymphoma), infections (mononucleosis, CMV, syphilis, endocarditis, malaria), autoimmune disease (lupus, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis), liver cirrhosis (portal hypertension), and metabolic/storage disease (Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease).