Diagnosis

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Acute infection of ascites (an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen) without an identifiable source of infection.

Etiology

Cause [ega][y2f][b8m]

Pathophysiology [b8m][vw9]

  1. Bacterial displacement from the GI tract into ascites

    • Transmural migration?

    • Hematogenous transmission?

  2. Liver disease:

    • Cirrhosis --> ascites + delayed intestinal transit --> intestinal bacterial overgrowth

    • Compromised host defense: Impaired phagocytes, low complement levels, malfunctioning reticuloendothelial system --> prolonged bacteremia

  3. Migration into ascites --> peritonitis

Risk factors [vw9][6az]

Complications [b8m]

Epidemiology

Incidence per 100.000 [zwa][cbs][y2f][ega][btp][ytz][314]

Epidemiology chart for Incidence

Symptoms & findings

Symptoms

Chills, Confusion, Decreased consciousness, Delirium, Diarrhea, Fever, Icterus, Ileus, Malaise, Nausea, Spider nevus, Tachycardia, Tachypnea, Thirst, Vomiting

Clinical findings

Ascites, Elevated ASAT, Elevated Bilirubin, Elevated Creatinine, Elevated CRP, Elevated Lactic Dehydrogenase, Elevated PT-INR, Jaundice, Leukocytosis

Anamneses

None listed.

Localized findings

Pain
Radiates
Abdomen
Onset
Acute (minutes)Subacute (hours)
Pattern
Constant
Provoked by
ActivityCoughingPalpation
Severity
Moderate (4-7)Severe (8-10)
Swelling
Radiates
Abdomen
Onset
Subacute (hours)Gradual (days)
Pattern
Constant

Approach

Diagnostic criteria [y2f][b8m]

Treatment

  1. Prophylaxis in high-risk patients: Ciprofloxacin or trimethoprim-sulfa [y2f][b8m]

  2. Antibiotic therapy: Cefotaxime 8 g/24 for 5 days (or Ciprofloxacin) [y2f]

    • Alternative: Piperacillin-tazobactam or carbapenem

  3. Substitution of albumin to prevent occurrence of hepatorenal syndrome in patients with total bilirubin > 4 mg/dL or creatinine > 1 mg/dL or urea nitrogen > 30 mg/dL

Differential diagnoses

Abdominal abscess, Acute mesenteric ischemia, Acute pancreatitis, Aortic dissection, Appendicitis, Diverticulitis, Gastrointestinal perforation, Perforated ulcer, Peritonitis, Pyelonephritis, Ruptured aortic aneurysm, Urinary tract infection


References

[1] Cardoso C, Cremers I, Oliveira AP. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes: a case report and literature review. Ann Hepatol. 2012 Nov-Dec;11(6):955-7.

[2] Lutz P, Nischalke HD, Strassburg CP, Spengler U. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: The clinical challenge of a leaky gut and a cirrhotic liver. World J Hepatol. 2015 Mar 27;7(3):304-14.

[3] Ameer MA, Foris LA, Mandiga P, et al. Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis(Archived) [Updated 2023 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448208/

[4] http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/789105 (2014-01-02); [Medscape]

[5] Schwabl P, Bucsics T, Soucek K, Mandorfer M, Bota S, Blacky A, Hirschl AM, Ferlitsch A, Trauner M, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Reiberger T. Risk factors for development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and subsequent mortality in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Liver Int. 2015 Sep;35(9):2121-8.

[6] Chang SS, Lai CC, Lee MG, Lee YC, Tsai YW, Hsu WT, Lee CC. Risk of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis associated with gastric Acid suppression. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Jun;94(22):e944.

[7] Rattanamongkolgul S, Wongjitrat C, Puapankitcharoen P. Prevalence of cirrhosis registered in Nakhon Nayok, Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai. 2010 Feb;93 Suppl 2:S87-91.

[8] Tay PWL, Xiao J, Tan DJH, Ng C, Lye YN, Lim WH, Teo VXY, Heng RRY, Yeow MWX, Lum LHW, Tan EXX, Kew GS, Lee GH, Muthiah MD. An Epidemiological Meta-Analysis on the Worldwide Prevalence, Resistance, and Outcomes of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Cirrhosis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 Aug 5;8:693652.

[9] Metwally K, Fouad T, Assem M, Abdelsameea E, Yousery M. Predictors of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Patients with Cirrhotic Ascites. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2018 Dec 28;6(4):372-376.

[10] Kaymakoglu S, Eraksoy H, Okten A, Demir K, Calangu S, Cakaloglu Y, Boztas G, Besisik F. Spontaneous ascitic infection in different cirrhotic groups: prevalence, risk factors and the efficacy of cefotaxime therapy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997 Jan;9(1):71-6.

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