Elevated PT-INR

A prolonged prothrombin time (normal range: 11-13.5 seconds) expressed as an increased international normalized ratio (normal range: 0.8-1.1), indicating hypocoagulability with delayed clot formation and an increased risk of bleeding.

Possible causes are vitamin K antagonists (warfarin), vitamin K deficiency, liver dysfunction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, sepsis, massive blood transfusion, and congenital coagulation factor deficiencies.

Causes

• Anticoagulant therapy: Vitamin K antagonists (warfarin)

• Vitamin K deficiency

• Liver disorders

  • Acute liver dysfunction

  • Chronic liver disease

  • Cirrhosis

• Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

• Sepsis

• Massive blood transfusion (dilutional coagulopathy)

• Congenital coagulation disorders

  • Factor VII deficiency

  • Deficiency of factors II, V, or X