Epistaxis

A hemorrhage from the nasal cavity, typically originating from the vascular plexuses of the nasal septum or posterior nasal mucosa, ranging from mild anterior bleeding to severe posterior bleeding with potential airway compromise.

Causes

• Local nasal factors

  • Nose picking

  • Nasal trauma

  • Foreign body

  • Irritant exposure

  • Dry or cold air

  • High altitude exposure

• Medications and substances

  • Warfarin

  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

  • Aspirin

  • Cocaine

• Inflammatory and allergic conditions

  • Allergic rhinitis

  • Sinusitis

• Cardiovascular and systemic disorders

  • Hypertension

  • Bleeding disorders

  • Thrombocytopenia

  • Coagulation factor deficiencies

• Vascular and structural abnormalities

  • Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

  • Abnormal blood vessel fragility

  • Nasal tumors