Photophobia

An abnormal intolerance to light characterized by ocular or cephalic discomfort, pain, or visual distress triggered or worsened by normal levels of illumination.

Causes

• Neurological causes affecting central sensory processing pathways

  • Migraine

  • Traumatic brain injury

  • Meningitis

  • Encephalitis

• Ocular surface irritation

  • Dry eye syndrome

  • Corneal abrasion/ulcer/foreign body

  • Contact lens-related irritation

• Inflammatory and infectious eye diseases

  • Uveitis

  • Conjunctivitis

  • Keratitis

• Structural and congenital ocular causes

  • Aniridia (absence or severe underdevelopment of the iris)

  • Albinism

  • Cataracts

  • Disorders affecting iris pigmentation or pupil regulation

• Medications affecting ocular sensitivity or tear production

  • Tetracyclines

  • Antihistamines

  • Antidepressants

  • Antipsychotics

• Drugs causing pupillary dilation (mydriasis):

  • Amphetamines

  • Cocaine

  • Sympathomimetic substances

• Post-concussion syndrome