Diagnosis

Constipation

A condition characterized by difficult and infrequent bowel movements. Symptoms for ≥6 months and ≥2 of the following symptoms (Rome III criteria): [bie]

  • Straining

  • Hard stools

  • Sensation of incomplete evacuation

  • Sensation of anorectal obstruction/blockade

  • Manual maneuvers to facilitate defecations

  • <3 defecations/week

Etiology

Causes [bie][7qc]

Pathophysiology

  1. Multifactorial: gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, pelvic muscles

  2. Reduced colonic motility --> delayed transit of stool

  3. Impaired rectal sensation

  4. Ineffective coordination of pelvic floor muscles during defecation

Complications [7qc]

Epidemiology

Prevalence per 100.000 [bie][a62][ucw][qrs][aca][6og][eib]

Epidemiology chart for Prevalence

Symptoms & findings

Symptoms

Absent feces, Absent flatus, Diarrhea, Dyschezia, Hard stool, Hematochezia, Ileus, Nausea, Tenesmus, Vomiting

Clinical findings

Urinary retention

Anamneses

None listed.

Localized findings

Pain
Radiates
Abdomen
Onset
Subacute (hours)Gradual (days)
Pattern
ConstantIntermittent
Quality
ColickyCramping
Severity
Mild (1-3)Moderate (4-7)
Swelling
Radiates
Abdomen
Onset
Subacute (hours)Gradual (days)
Pattern
ConstantIncreasing

Approach

Treatment

  1. Laxatives: [ks4][bie]

    • Bulking agents

    • Osmotic laxatives

    • Stool softeners

    • Stimulant laxatives

  2. Fluid intake is evidence of dehydration

  3. Defecatory disorders --> biofeedback-aided pelvic floor retraining

  4. Surgery:

    • Subtotal Colectomy

    • Antegrade colonic enema: infuse water through an appendiceal conduit --> colonic emptying

    • Sacral Nerve Stimulation

    • Surgery for Pelvic Floor Dysfunction

    • Transanal resection (rectal intussusception and rectoceles)

Differential diagnoses

Achalasia, Amyloidosis, Anal fissure, Anorectal fistula, Anorectal malformation, Anxiety, Appendicitis, Ascites, Autonomic neuropathy, Bacterial overgrowth syndrome, Celiac disease, Chagas disease, Colorectal cancer, Crohn disease, Depression, Diabetes mellitus, Diverticulitis, Drug side effects, Eosinophilic gastroenteritis, Fecal impaction, Fecalith, Femoral hernia, Gallstone Ileus, Gastrointestinal obstruction, Giardiasis, Hemorrhoids, Hirschsprung's Disease, hookworm disease, Hyperparathyroidism, Hypopituitarism, Hypothyroidism, Incisional hernia, Inguinal hernia, Intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome, Irritable bowel syndrome, Lactose intolerance, Lead toxicity, Multiple sclerosis, Necrotizing enterocolitis, Ogilvie syndrome, Parkinson's disease, Peritonitis, Postoperative paralytic ileus, Pregnancy, Rectal prolapse, Rectocele, Renal failure, Scleroderma, Sepsis, Spinal cord injury, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Toxic megacolon, Ulcerative colitis, Umbillical hernia


References

[1] Bharucha AE, Pemberton JH, Locke GR 3rd. American Gastroenterological Association technical review on constipation. Gastroenterology. 2013 Jan;144(1):218-38.

[2] Diaz S, Bittar K, Hashmi MF, et al. Constipation. [Updated 2023 Nov 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513291/

[3] Hammond EC. Some Preliminary Findings on Physical Complaints from a Prospective Study of 1,064,004 Men and Women. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1964 Jan;54(1):11-23.

[4] Sandler RS, Jordan MC, Shelton BJ. Demographic and dietary determinants of constipation in the US population. Am J Public Health. 1990 Feb;80(2):185-9.

[5] Higgins PD, Johanson JF. Epidemiology of constipation in North America: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Apr;99(4):750-9.

[6] https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/928185

[7] Talley NJ, O'Keefe EA, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ 3rd. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in the elderly: a population-based study. Gastroenterology. 1992 Mar;102(3):895-901.

[8] https://www.sialliance.health.nz/wp-content/uploads/2016-SIAPO-Constipation.pdf

[9] Vazquez Roque, M., & Bouras, E. P. (2015). Epidemiology and management of chronic constipation in elderly patients. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 10, 919–930.

[10] http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/184704 (2014-01-02); [Medscape]

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