Diagnosis

Hypopituitarism

A biochemical deficiency of one or more of the hormones of the anterior or posterior pituitary gland.

Also known as: Sheehans syndrome

Etiology

Cause [sf9][nmd][q32][iso]

Pathophysiology: [sf9][q32][h5n]

The pituitary gland is the master regulator of the endocrine system, controlling adrenal, thyroid, and gonadal function, water balance, lactation, and the GH/IGF-I axis.

  1. Gonadotropin deficiency --> Hypogonadism (94%)

  2. TSH deficiency --> Hypothyroidism (81%)

  3. GH deficiency --> Pituitary dwarfism (81%)

  4. ACTH deficiency --> Hypoadrenalism (65%)

  5. ADH deficiency --> Diabetes insipidus

  6. Psychiatric manifestations

  7. Visual field defects --> bitemporal hemianopsia

Epidemiology

Incidence per 100.000 [iso]

Epidemiology chart for Incidence

Approach

Treatment

Pituitary hormone replacement therapy: [q32][nmd]

  1. Growth hormone replacement:

    • GH 0.2-0.4 mg (based on age/gender), increment 0.1mg every 2-4 weeks

  2. Sex steroid and gonadotropin replacement

    • Testosterone: oral, depot injection, pellets, patches and gels

      Side effects: prostate hypertrophy/cancer, gynecomastia, polycythemia, liver dysfunction/jaundice/tumor

    • Estrogen replacement for women with uterus

    • Human chorionic gonadotropin 2000IU twice weekly for induction of fertility

    • FSH 75IU 3 times per week

  3. Adrenocorticosteroid replacement:

    • Cortisol: Hydrocortisone 15-25mg 2-3 times per day

    • Dehydroepiandosterone 25-50mg per day

  4. Thyroxine replacement: Levothyroxine 100ug per day

Differential diagnoses

Adrenal insufficiency, Hyponatremia, Hypothyroidism, Hypovolemia, Pituitary adenoma, Shock


References

[1] Kurian J, Philip R, Jacob C, Abdul Kadar CS, Charamelsankaran K, Sharma RN. Adult hypopituitarism: A single centre experience. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Oct;21(Suppl 2):S4–S79.

[2] Sherlock M, Ayuk J, Tomlinson JW, Toogood AA, Aragon-Alonso A, Sheppard MC, Bates AS, Stewart PM. Mortality in patients with pituitary disease. Endocr Rev. 2010 Jun;31(3):301-42.

[3] Toogood AA, Stewart PM. Hypopituitarism: clinical features, diagnosis, and management. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008 Mar;37(1):235-61, x.

[4] Regal M, Páramo C, Sierra SM, Garcia-Mayor RV. Prevalence and incidence of hypopituitarism in an adult Caucasian population in northwestern Spain. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001 Dec;55(6):735-40.

[5] Gounden V, Anastasopoulou C, Jialal I. Hypopituitarism. [Updated 2023 Sep 16]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470414/

[6] https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122287

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