Diagnosis

Fat embolism syndrome

A rare life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by release of fat droplets from the marrow as may occur following a long bone fracture.

Etiology

Causes [cth]

Patophysiology [uam][cth]

  1. Fat embolizes to the lungs --> local release of lipase breaks fat down into free fatty acids and glycerol

  2. Free fatty acids are toxic to endothelial cells --> inflammatory response --> vasogenic edema and hemorrhage

  3. Fat globules in the blood circulation:

    • Mechanical obstruction

    • Vascular damage due to biochemical/toxic injury

    • Platelet activation (DIC)

    • Increased vascular permeability --> pulmonary edema

The classic clinical triad

Risk factors [nch]

Mortality: 11.8% [uam]

Epidemiology

Incidence per 100.000 [uam][tao][4vn]

Epidemiology chart for Incidence

Approach

There are no reliably accurate diagnostic or imaging test. Rather, the diagnosis is primarily clinical. [7mn]

Diagnostic Criteria [cth]

Major Criteria

Minor Criteria

Treatment

  1. Prevention: Early immobilization and fixation within 48 hours [nch]

  2. Treatment is mainly supportive

  3. Intravenous fluids

  4. Respiratory support

    • Oxygen: maintain a high PaO2 level

    • Mechanical ventilation

    • Hydration

    • Corticosteroids?

  5. Nutritional support/GI prophylaxis

  6. Glucosecontrol

  7. Sedation/paralysis

  8. VTE prophylaxis

  9. Hemodynamic monitoring

  10. Control causes of sepsis

  11. Prevent aspiration/pneumonia

  12. Treat underlying injuries/organ dysfunction

  13. Prone positioning

  14. ECMO

Differential diagnoses

Acute respiratory distress syndrome, Air embolism, Amniotic fluid embolism, Brain tumor, Disseminated intravascular coagulation, Encephalitis, Heart failure, Immune thrombocytopenic purpura, Leukemia, Meningitis, Pneumonia, Pulmonary edema, Pulmonary embolism, Pulmonary hemorrhage, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura


References

[1] Adeyinka A, Pierre L. Fat Embolism. [Updated 2022 Oct 31]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499885/

[2] Tsai SHL, Chen CH, Tischler EH, Kurian SJ, Lin TY, Su CY, Osgood GM, Mehmood A, Fu TS. Fat Embolism Syndrome and in-Hospital Mortality Rates According to Patient Age: A Large Nationwide Retrospective Study. Clin Epidemiol. 2022 Aug 19;14:985-996.

[3] Owattanapanich N, Lewis M, Biswas S, Benjamin ER, Demetriades D. Epidemiology and risk factors for fat embolism in isolated lower extremity long bone fractures. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2024 Apr 17.

[4] Bulger EM, Smith DG, Maier RV, Jurkovich GJ. Fat embolism syndrome. A 10-year review. Arch Surg. 1997 Apr;132(4):435-9.

[5] Tsai IT, Hsu CJ, Chen YH, Fong YC, Hsu HC, Tsai CH. Fat embolism syndrome in long bone fracture--clinical experience in a tertiary referral center in Taiwan. J Chin Med Assoc. 2010 Aug;73(8):407-10.

[6] Shaikh N, Mahmood Z, Ghuori SI, Chanda A, Ganaw A, Zeeshan Q, Ehfeda M, Mohamed Belkhair AO, Zubair M, Kazi ST, Momin U. Correlation of clinical parameters with imaging findings to confirm the diagnosis of fat embolism syndrome. Int J Burns Trauma. 2018 Oct 20;8(5):135-144.

[7] http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/460524 (2014-01-02); [Medscape]

[8] Sirbu O, Sorodoc V, Floria M, Statescu C, Sascau R, Lionte C, Petris OR, Haliga RE, Morariu PC, Tirnoveanu A, et al. Nontrombotic Pulmonary Embolism: Different Etiology, Same Significant Consequences. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2023; 13(2):202.

[9] Jorens PG, Van Marck E, Snoeckx A, Parizel PM. Nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J. 2009 Aug;34(2):452-74.

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